It is a cooperative game, meaning that Alice and Bob are both on the same side, trying to help one another win. Bell described a game that can be played by two parties, Alice and Bob. Bell proposed thinking about quantum entanglement in a different way, not just as something weird and counter-intuitive, but as a resource that might be employed to perform useful tasks. To Einstein, quantum entanglement was unsettling, indicating that something is missing from our understanding of the quantum world. I think Schrödinger’s statement is still the best way to explain quantum entanglement in a single vigorous sentence.
Classical systems aren’t like that - if we know everything about the whole system then we know everything about all the parts as well. Later that same year, the essence of entanglement was nicely and succinctly captured by Schrödinger, who said, “the best possible knowledge of a whole does not necessarily include the best possible knowledge of its parts.” Schrödinger meant that even if we have the most complete knowledge Nature will allow about the state of a highly entangled quantum system, we are still powerless to predict what we’ll see if we look at a small part of the full system. Quantum entanglement had first been explicitly discussed in a 1935 paper by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (hence Bell’s title). The paper was about quantum entanglement, the characteristic correlations among parts of a quantum system that are profoundly different than correlations in classical systems.
That paper, entitled “On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox,” changed how we think about quantum physics.
This is a jubilee year.* In November 1964, John Bell submitted a paper to the obscure (and now defunct) journal Physics.
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